“Changiz Eslahchi”

Tel:  (+98)(21)29903015
Fax:  (+98)(21)22431652
Email: 

IPM Positions

Senior Researcher, School of Biological Sciences
(2006 - Present )

Past IPM Positions

Associate Researcher (non-resident), School of Mathematics
(2005 - 2006)
Associate Researcher (non-resident), School of Mathematics
(2000 - 2001)


Non IPM Affiliations

Professor of Shahid Beheshti University

Research Interests

Applications of Graph Algorithms in Bioinformatics, System Biology, Precision Medicine, Graph Theory.

Related Papers

1. S.F. Khezri, A. Ebrahimi and C. Eslahchi
Target Controllability: a Feed-Forward Greedy Algorithm in Complex Networks, Meeting Kalman's Rank Condition
Bioinformatics (2024),   [abstract]
2. P. Niloofar, R. Aghdam and C. Eslahchi
GAEM: Genetic Algorithm based Expectation-Maximization for inferring Gene Regulatory Networks from incomplete data
Computers in Biology and Medicine 183 (2024),   [abstract]
3. A. Darabi, S. Sobhani, R. Aghdam and C. Eslahchi
AFITbin: a metagenomic contig binning method using aggregate l-mer frequency based on initial and terminal nucleotides
BMC Bioinformatics (2024),   [abstract]
4. N. Babaiha, R. Aghdam, S. Ghiam and C. Eslahchi
NN-RNALoc: Neural network-based model for prediction of mRNA sub-cellular localization using distance-based sub-sequence profiles
PLOS ONE (2023),   [abstract]
5. R. Masumshah and C. Eslahchi
DPSP: a multimodal deep learning framework for polypharmacy side effects prediction
Bioinformatics Advances (2023),   [abstract]
6. M. Maghsoudi, R. Aghdam and C. Eslahchi
Removing the association of random gene sets and survival time in cancers with positive random bias using fixed-point gene set
Scientific Reports (2023),   [abstract]
7. S. Ghiam, C. Eslahchi, K. Shahpasand, M. Habibi-Rezaei and S. Gharaghani
Identification of repurposed drugs targeting significant long non-coding RNAs in the cross-talk between diabetes mellitus and Alzheimers disease
Scientific Reports (2022),   [abstract]
8. A. Shahir Sadr, Z. Abdollahpour, A. Aliahmadi, Ch. Eslahchi, M. Nekouei, L. Kiaei, M. Kiaei and A. Ghassempour
Detection of structural and conformational changes in ALS-causing mutant profilin-1 with hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and bioinformatics techniques
Metabolic Brain Disease 37 (2022), 229-241  [abstract]
9. Sh. Ghiam, Ch. Eslahchi, K. Shahpasand, M. Habibi-Rezaei and S. Gharaghani
Exploring the role of non-coding RNAs as potential candidate biomarkers in the cross-talk between diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience (2022),   [abstract]
10. A. Emdadi and Ch. Eslahchi
Clinical drug response prediction from preclinical cancer cell lines by logistic matrix factorization approach
Journal of bioinformatics and computational biology 20 (2022),   [abstract]
11. M. Taheri-Ledari, A. Zandieh, S. P. Shariatpanahi and Ch. Eslahchi
Assignment of structural domains in proteins using diffusion kernels on graphs
BMC Bioinformatics 23 (2022), 369   [abstract]
12. Sh. Ghiam, Ch. Eslahchi, K. Shahpasand, M. Habibi-Rezaei and S. Gharaghani
Identification of repurposed drugs targeting significant long non-coding RNAs in the cross-talk between diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease
Scientific Reports 12 (2022), 18332  [abstract]
13. A. Shahir Sadr, Z. Abdollahpour, A. Aliahmadi, C. Eslahchi, M. Nekouei, L. Kiaei, M. Kiaei and A. Ghassempour
Detection of structural and conformational changes in ALS-causing mutant profilin-1 with hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and bioinformatics techniques
Metabolic Brain Disease (2021),   [abstract]
14. R. Masumshah, R. Aghdam and C. Eslahchi
A neural network‑based method for polypharmacy side efects prediction
BMC Bioinformatics 22 (2021),   [abstract]
15. A. Shahir Sadr, C. Eslahchi, A. Ghassempour and M. Kiaei
In silico studies reveal structural deviations of mutant profilin-1 and interaction with riluzole and edaravone in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Scientific Reports 11 (2021), 1-14  [abstract]
16. F. Ahmadi Moughari and C. Eslahchi
A computational method for drug sensitivity prediction of cancer cell lines based on various molecular information
Plos One 16 (2021),   [abstract]
17. F. Yassayee and C. Eslahchi
Predicting Anti-Cancer Drug Response by Finding Optimal Subset of Drugs
Bioinformatics (Accepted) [abstract]
18. N. Rohani and C. Eslahchi
Classifying Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes using Deep Clustering Approach
Frontiers in Genetics (Preprint) [abstract]
19. N. Rohani, F. Ahmadi Moughari and C. Eslahchi
DisCoVering potential candidates of RNAi-based therapy for COVID-19 using computational methods
PeerJ 10.7717/peerj.10505 (2021),   [abstract]
20. S. H. Mahmoodi, R. Aghdam and C. Eslahchi
An order independent algorithm for inferring gene regulatory network using quantile value for conditional independence tests
Scientific Reports 11 (2021), 1-15  [abstract]
21. A. Emdadi and C. Eslahchi
Auto-HMM-LMF: feature selection based method for prediction of drug response via autoencoder and hidden Markov model
BMC Bioinformatics (2021), 1-22  [abstract]
22. A. Emdadi and Ch. Eslahchi
DSPLMF: A Method for Cancer Drug Sensitivity Prediction Using a Novel Regularization Approach in Logistic Matrix Factorization
Frontiers in Genetics 11 (2020), 75  [abstract]
23. F. Ahmadi Moughari and Ch. Eslahchi
ADRML: anticancer drug response prediction using manifold learning
Scientific Reports 10 (2020), 1-18  [abstract]
24. N. Rohani, C. Eslahchi and A. Katanforoush
ISCMF: Integrated similarity-constrained matrix factorization for drug–drug interaction prediction
Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics 9 (2020), 1-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13721-019-0215-3  [abstract]
25. F. Yassaee Meybodi, A. Emdadi, A. Rezvan and C. Eslahchi
CAMND: Comparative analysis of metabolic network decomposition based on previous and two new criteria, a web based application
Biosystems 189 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.104081  [abstract]
26. E. Saberi Ansari, Ch. Eslahchi, M. Rahimi, L. Geranpayeh, M. Ebrahimi, R. Aghdam and G. Kerdivel
Significant Random Signatures Reveals New Biomarker for Breast Cancer
BMC Medical Genomics 12 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-019-0609-1  [abstract]
27. S. M. Razavi, F. Rami, S. H. Razavi and Ch. Eslahchi
TOPDRIVER: the novel identifier of cancer driver genes in Gastric cancer and Melanoma
Applied Network Science 4 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-019-0200-x  [abstract]
28. N. Rohani and Ch. Eslahchi
Drug-Drug Interaction Predicting by Neural Network Using Integrated Similarity
Scientific Reports 9 (2019), 1 - 11 DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50121-3  [abstract]
29. Ch. Eslahchi, A. M. Ali Maddi, F. Ahmadi Moughari and M. M. Balouchi
CDAP: An Online Package for Evaluation of Complex Detection Methods
Scientific Reports 9 DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49225-7 (2019), 1-13   [abstract]
30. A. Emdadi, F. Ahmadi Moughari, F. Yassaee Meybodi and Ch. Eslahchi
A novel algorithm for parameter estimation of Hidden Markov Model inspired by Ant Colony Optimization
Heliyon 5 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01299  [abstract]
31. E. Mirzaei Mehrabad, R. Hassan Zadeh and C. Eslahchi
PMLPR: A novel method for predicting subcellular localization based on recommender systems
Scientific Reports 1 (2018), 8  [abstract]
32. N. Sammaknejad, H. Pouretemad, C. Eslahchi, A. Salahirad and A. Alinejad
Gender Classification Based on Eye Movements: A Processing Effect during Passive Face Viewing
Journal Advances in Cognitive Psychology 13 (2017), 232-240  [abstract]
33. A. Maddi and C. Eslahchi
Discovering overlapped protein complexes from weighted PPI networks by removing inter-module hubs
Scientific Reports doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03268-w (2017), 7: 3247  [abstract]
34. R. Khosrowabadi, M. Sadeghi, F. Bakouie, H. Mahdavi, C. Eslahchi and H. Pouretemad
Screening of autism based on task-free fMRI using graph theoretical approach
Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.02.004 (2017), 48-56  [abstract]
35. R. Aghdam. , M. Alijanpour. , M. Azadi. , A. Ebrahimi. , C. Eslahchi. and A. Rezvan.
Inferring Gene Regulatory Networks by PCA-CMI Using Hill Climbing Algorithm Based on MIT Score and SORDER Method
Int. J. Biomath. DOI: 10.1142/S1793524516500406 (2016), 18  [abstract]
36. R. Aghdam, M. Ganjali. , P. Niloofar. and C. Eslahchi.
Inferring gene regulatory networks by an order independent algorithm using incomplete data sets
J. Appl. Statist. DOI:10.1080/02664763.2015.1079307 (2016), 1-21  [abstract]
37. R. Aghdam. , M. Ganjali. , X. Zhang. and C. Eslahchi.
CN: A Consensus Algorithm for Inferring Gene Regulatory Networks Using SORDER Algorithm and Conditional Mutual Information Test
Molecular BioSystems DOI: 10.1039/C4MB00413B (2015), 942-949  [abstract]
38. H. Poormohammadi, C. Eslahchi and R. Tusserkani
TripNet: A Method for Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks from Rooted Triplets
Plos One (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106531  [abstract]
39. A. Rezvan. , S. A. Marashi. and C. Eslahchi.
FCDECOMP: Decomposition of metabolic networks based on flux coupling relations
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 12 (2014), 21  [abstract]
40. R. Aghdam. , M. Ganjali. and C. Eslahchi.
A Hybrid Algorithm for Inferring Gene Regulatory Networks
Iranian Statistical Conference( In: )
[abstract]
41. H. Poormohammadi. , C. Eslahchi. and R. Tusserkani.
TripNet: A Method for Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks from Triplets
Plos One 9 (2014), 1-12  [abstract]
42. R. Aghdam. , M. Alijanpour. , M. Azadi. , A. Ebrahimi. and C. Eslahchi.
Applying a Hybrid Method based on PC algorithm-based approach and MIT Score to Infer Gene Regulatory Networks
Iranian Conference on Bioinformatics (Accepted) [abstract]
43. R. Hassanzadeh. , C. Eslahchi. and W. Sung.
Do Triplets Have Enough Information to Construct the Multi-Labeled Phylogenetic Tree?
Plos One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103622 (2014),   [abstract]
44. C. Eslahchi. , H.R. Maimani. , R. Torabi. and R. Tuserkani.
Proper nearly perfect sets in graphs
Ars Combinatoria (Accepted) [abstract]
45. C. Eslahchi. , H.R. Maimani. , R. Torabi. and R. Tuserkani.
Dynamical 2-domination in graphs
Ars Combinatoria (Accepted) [abstract]
46. R. Aghdam. , M. Ganjali. and C. Eslahchi.
IPCA-CMI: An algorithm for Inferring Gene Regulatory Networks Based on a Combination of PCA-CMI and MIT Score
Plos One 9 (2014), e92600  [abstract]
47. E. S. Ansari. , H. Pezeshk. , M. Sadeghi. and C. Eslahchi.
ProDomAs; Protein Domain Assignment Algorithm using Centre-Based Clustering and Independent Dominating Set
Proteins: Structure, Function and Bioinformatics 82 (2014), 1937â??1946  [abstract]
48. C. Eslahchi. and E. S. Ansari.
A New Protein Domain Assignment Algorithm
Communications in Mathematical and Computer Chemistry 71 (2014), 445-456  [abstract]
49. V.Rezaei. , S. Naghizadeh. , H. Pezeshk. , M. Sadeghi. and C. Eslahchi.
Comparison of the bidirectional Baum-Welch algorithm and the Baum-Welch algorithm on regular lattice
Progress in Biological Sciences 2 (2013), 14-22  [abstract]
50. C.Eslahchi.
Discovering domain mediating protein interactions
IRANIAN JOURNAL of BIOTECHNOLOGY 1 (2013), 22-31  [abstract]
51. V.Rezaei. , H. Pezeshk. , M. Sadeghi. and C. Eslahchi.
Assignment Of Protein Sequences To Protein Family Profiles Using Spatial Statistics.
MATCH Communication in Methematical and in Computer Chemistry 69 (2013), 7-24  [abstract]
52. G. Taheri. , M. Habibi. , L. Wong. and C. Eslahchi.
Disruption of Protein Complexes
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 11 (2013),   [abstract]
53. G. Taheri. , M. Ayati. , S. Arab. , L. Wong. and C. Eslahchi.
Two Scenarios for Overcoming Drug Resistance by Co-Targeting
Bioinformatics Research and Applications (2013), 198 - 202  [abstract]
54. Z. Safikhani. , M. Sadeghi. , H. Pezeshk. and C. Eslahchi.
SSP: An interval integer linear programming for de novo transcriptome assembly and isoform discovery of RNA-seq reads
Genomics 102 (2013), 507-514  [abstract]
55. R. Aghdam. , H. Pezeshk. , S.A. Malekpour. , S. Shemehsavar. , M. Sadeghi. and C. Eslahchi.
A Clustering Approach for Estimating Parameters of a Profle Hidden Markov Model
International Journal of Data Mining and Bioinformatics 8 (2012), 66-82  [abstract]
56. C. Eslahchi. and F. Movahedi.
Calculation Of Transition Probabilities In The Birth And Death Markov Process In The Epidemic Model
Math. Comput. Model 55 (2012), 810-815  [abstract]
57. R. Hassanzadeh. , C. Eslahchi. and W. K. Sung.
Constructing Phylogenetic Supernetworks Based On Simulated Annealing
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63 (2012), 738-744  [abstract]
58. C. Eslahchi. , R. Hassanzadeh. , E. Mottaghi. , M. Habibi. , H. Pezeshk. and M. Sadeghi.
Constructing Circular Phylogenetic Networks From Weighted Quartets Using Simulated Annealing
Mathematical Biosciences 235 (2012), 123-127  [abstract]
59. H. Poormohammadi. and C. Eslahchi.
Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks From Triplets Based On Height Function
Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 2 (2012), 389-393  [abstract]
60. A. Ebrahimi. , R. Aghdam. , N. Parisa. , M. ganjali. and C. Eslahchi.
An Algorithm for Inference of Gene Networks UsingBayesian Network
Emerging Trends in Computing and information Science 5 (2012), 774-782  [abstract]
61. M. Habibi. , C. Eslahchi. , H. Pezeshk. and M. Sadeghi.
An Information Theoretic Approach To Secondary Structure Assignment
MATCH Communications in Mathematical and in Computer Chemistry 65 (2011), 5-20  [abstract]
62. C. Eslahchi. , A. Katanforoush. , H. Pezeshk. and N. Afzaly.
Haplotype Block Partitioning And TagSNP Selection Under The Perfect Phylogeny Model
IRANIAN JOURNAL of BIOTECHNOLOGY 9 (2011),   [abstract]
63. S.Arab. , C. Eslahchi. , M. Sadeghi. , H. Pezeshk. and A. Sheari.
A Pairwise Residue Contact Area-Based Mean Force Potential For Discrimination Of Native Protein Structure
BMC Bioinformatics 11 (2010), 16  [abstract]
64. H. Pezeshk. , S. Naghizadeh. , S. A. Malekpour. , C. Eslahchi. and M. Sadeghi.
A Modified Bidirectional Hidden Markov Model And Its Application In Protein Secondary Structure Prediction
Proceeding of the Second International Conference on Advanced Computer Control 3 (2010), 535-538  [abstract]
65. C. Eslahchi. , M. Habibi. , R. Hassanzadeh. and E. Mottaghi.
MC-Net: A Method For The Construction Of Phylogenetic Networks Based On The Monte-Carlo Method
BMC Evolutionary Biology 10 (2010), 254  [abstract]
66. M. Habibi. , C. Eslahchi. , M. Sadeghi. and H. Pezeshk.
The Interpretation Of Protein Structures Based On Graph Theory And Contact Map
Open Access Bioinformatics 2 (2010), 127-137  [abstract]
67. M. Habibi. , C. Eslahchi. and L. Wong.
A Protein Complex Prediction Based On K-Connected Sub-Graphs In Protein Interaction Network
BMC Systems Biology 4 (2010), 129  [abstract]
68. M. Sadeghi. , H. Pezeshk. , C. Eslahchi. , S. Ahmadian. and S. Mah Abadi.
Construction Of Random Perfect Phylogeny Matrix
Advances and Applications in Bioinformatics and Chemistry 3 (2010), 89-96  [abstract]
69. M. Ayati. , G. Taheri. , S. Arab. , L. Wong. and C. Eslahchi.
Overcoming Drug Resistance By Co-Targeting
Bioinformatics & Biomedicine (2010), 198-202  [abstract]
70. C. Eslahchi. , H. Pezeshk. , M. Sadeghi. , P. Giabbanelli. , F. Movahedi. and V.A. Dabbaghian.
A Probabilistic Model For The Spread Of HIV Infection Among Injection Drug Users
World Journal of Modelling and Simulation 6 (2010), 267-273  [abstract]
71. R. Aghdam. , H. Pezeshk. , S.A. Malekpour. , S. Shemehsavar. , M. Sadeghi. and C. Eslahchi.
A Bidirectional Bayesian Monte Carlo Approach For Estimating Parameters Of A Profile Hidden Markov Model
Applied Science Segment 1 (2010),   [abstract]
72. Ch. Eslahchi (Joint with M. Sadeghi, H. Pezeshk, S. Ahmadian, and S. Mah Abadi)
Construction of random perfect phylogeny matrix
Advances and Applications in Bioinformatics and Chemistry 3 (2010), 89-96  [abstract]
73. H. Mirzaei. , S. Ahmadian. , S. Mahabadi. , M. Sadeghi. , C. Eslahchi. and H. Pezeshk.
An Algorithm for Construction of All Perfect Phylogeny Matrices
MATCH Communication in Methematical and in Computer Chemistry 62 (2009), 251  [abstract]
74. M. Mirzaie. , C. Eslahchi. , H. Pezeshk. and M. Sadeghi.
A distance-dependent atomic knowledge based potential and force for discrimination of native structures from decoys
Proteins: Structure, Function and Bioinformatics 77 (2009), 454-463  [abstract]
75. S. A. Malekpour. , S. Naghizadeh . , H. Pezeshk. , M. Sadeghi. and C. Eslahchi.
Protein secondary structure prediction using three neural networks and a segmental semi Markov model
Mathematical Biosciences 217 (2009), 145-150  [abstract]
76. C. Eslahchi. , H. Pezeshk. , M. Sadeghi. , A. M. Rahimi. , H. Maboudi Afkham. and S. Arab.
STON: Anovel method for protein three-dimensional structure comparison
Computers in Biology and Medicine 39 (2009), 166-172  [abstract]
77. M. Kargar. , H. Poormohammadi. , L. Pirhaji. , M. Sadeghi. , H. Pezeshk. and C. Eslahchi.
Enhanced Evolutionary And Heuristic Algorithms For Haplotype Reconstruction Problem Using Minimum Error Correction Model
Match 62 (2009), 261-274  [abstract]
78. C. Eslahchi. , H. Pezeshk. , M. Sadeghi. and A. S. Attar.
LIBRA: A de Novo Motif Finding In Promoter Sequences Based On Linear Algebra. Proceedings of world Academy of Science
Engineering and Technology 37 (2009), 507-512  [abstract]
79. M. Mirzaie. , C. Eslahchi. , H. Pezeshk. and M. Sadeghi.
A Distance Dependent Atomic Knowledge Based Potential And Force For Discrimination Of Native Structures From Decoys
Protein Journal 77 (2009), 454-463  [abstract]
80. S. A. Malekpour. , S. Naghizadeh. , H. Pezeshk. , M. Sadeghi. and C. Eslahchi.
A Segmental Semi Markov Model For Protein Secondary Structure Prediction
Mathematical Biosciences 221 (2009), 130-135  [abstract]
81. L. Pirhaji. , M. Kargar. , A. Sheari. , H. Poormohamadi. , M. Sadeghi. , H. Pezeshk. and C. Eslahchi.
The Performance Of Chi-Square Test And Complexity Measures For Signal Recognition In Biological Sequences
Journal of Theoretical Biology 251 (2008), 380-387  [abstract]
82. A. Sheari. , M. Kargar. , A. Katanforoush. , S. Arab. , M. Sadeghi. , H. Pezeshk. , C. Eslahchi. and S. A. Marashi.
A Tale of two Symmetrical Tails: Structural and Functional Charateristics of Palindroms in Proteins
BMC Bioinformatics 9 (2008), 274  [abstract]
83. M. Habibi. , C. Eslahchi. , H. Pezeshk. and M. Sadeghi.
An Information Theoritical Approch To Secondary Structure Assignment
Iran. Int. J. Sci. 34 (2008), 41-48  [abstract]
84. S. Naghizadeh. , H. Pezeshk. , M. Sadeghi. , M. Mohammadzadeh. and C. Eslahchi.
A MODIFICATION ON A LEFT-TO-RIGHT AND RIGHT-TO-LEFT DEPENDENCY MODEL FOR SECONDARY STRUCTURE PREDICTION
Iran. Int. J. Sci. 34 (2008), 61-66  [abstract]
85. S. R. Hosseini. , M. Sadeghi. , H. Pezeshk. , C. Eslahchi. and M. Habibi.
PROSIGN: A Method for Protein Secondary Structure Assignment Based on Three-Dimensional Coordinates of Cosecutive Ca atoms
Computational Biology and Chemistry 32 (2008), 406-411  [abstract]
86. C. Eslahchi. , M. Sadeghi. , H. Pezeshk. , M. Kargar. and H. Poormohammadi.
Haplotyping Problem, A Clustering Approach
AIP 936 (2007), 185-190  [abstract]
87. C. Eslahchi. , M. Sadeghi. , H. Pezeshk. , M. Kargar. and H. Poormohamadi.
American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings
AIP CONF PROC 936 (2007),   [abstract]
88. S. Arab. , F. Didehvar. , C. Eslahchi. and M. Sadeghi.
Helix Segment Assignment In Proteins Using Fuzzy Logic
IRANIAN JOURNAL of BIOTECHNOLOGY 5 (2007), 93-99  [abstract]
89. Ch. Eslahchi and A. M. Rahimi
Some properties of ordered hypergraphs
Mat. Vesnik 59 (2007), 9-13  [abstract]
90. H. Hajiabolhassan, M. Ghebleh and Ch. Eslahchi
Some concepts in list coloring
J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput. 41 (2002), 151-160  [abstract]
91. A. J. W. Hilton, Ch. Eslahchi and J. K. Dugdale
The Hall-Condition index of a graph and overfull conjecture
J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput. 35 (2000), 197-216  [abstract]
92. A. J. W. Hilton, Ch. Eslahchi and P. D. Johnson Jr.
Progress on the Hall-Number-Two Problem
Australas. J. Combin. 21 (2000), 211-236  [abstract]
93. Ch. Eslahchi and M.L. Mehrabadi
Characterization of graphs with Hall index 2
Australas. J. Combin. 21 (2000), 13-21  [abstract]
94. Ch. Eslahchi, H. Hajiabolhassan, M.L. Mehrabadi and R. Tusserkani
A counterexample for Hilton-Johnson's conjecture on list-coloring of graphs
Australas. J. Combin. 18 (1998), 127-131  [abstract]
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